tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28989592233409017942024-03-08T06:18:37.914-08:00nano mera thoughtsRAMACHANDRA KAMATHhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17621852569091514783noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2898959223340901794.post-58266308622964076922013-05-07T05:55:00.000-07:002013-05-07T05:55:00.660-07:00Synthesis of nanomaterial silicon carbide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Owing to its covalency,
micro particles of silicon carbide are resisted to full densification.
Nanoparticles of silicon carbide promise full densification. Such nanoparticles
are extensively used in aeronautical industries, space industries, nuclear
fusion reactors, high temperature ceramic heat engines and chemical processing
industries. The important properties of ultrafine silicon carbide are high
hardness, superior mechanical strength, better-quality creep resistance, better
corrosion and erosion resistance, superlative oxidation resistance, low weight
and high Young’s modulus. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An attrition
milling unit is required for the nanoparticles preparation. In an attrition
mill, some special types of steel balls are used which on agitation by a series
of stirring arms mounted to a motor shaft yields nanoparticles. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fluids which can be used as milling medium
are ethylene glycol, xylene, butanol, n-hexane and water. For better quality
end products, two more processes namely, purification and sintering are
desired. </span></div>
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RAMACHANDRA KAMATHhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17621852569091514783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2898959223340901794.post-87423791117539520132012-08-10T05:51:00.002-07:002012-08-10T05:51:56.445-07:00Dip pen nanolithography<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">Dip pen nanolithography
is an advanced technique of atomic force microscopy. Here AFM tip carry out the
delivery of molecules into desired surface through water or a solvent meniscus.
DPN technique is used for surface patterning. The cantilever tip of the AFM
acts as the pen. Each time the tip comes in contact with the surface of the
substrate, topmost point of the tip deposits molecules into the surface. The
different meniscuses used here are water meniscus, biomolecules meniscus, organic
molecules meniscus, inorganic molecules meniscus etc. The various factors which
affect the quality and stability of nanostructures created by DPN are
temperature, humidity, speed of tip, the adhesion strength of the deposited
material, adhesion between AFM tip and deposited material etc. The main
application of this technology is in surface science, materials chemistry and
nanoelectronics. </span></div>
</div>RAMACHANDRA KAMATHhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17621852569091514783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2898959223340901794.post-84605614864838918482012-06-17T23:30:00.001-07:002012-06-17T23:30:33.061-07:00Dyes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Dyes are materials of tremendous
interest which absorbs strongly in the visible region. Some examples of natural
dyes are Indigo and Tyrian purple. Nowadays many varieties of synthetic dyes
are available in the market. Some examples of dyeing methods are vat dyeing,
mordant dyeing, direct dyeing, disperse dyeing, ingrain dyeing etc. Vat dyes
are insoluble in water. In vat dyeing, leuco base materials are exposed to air,
which, on oxidation yields dye. This method is mainly used for indigo dyeing.
Mordant dyes are comprised of an acidic group. In direct dyeing, dye solution
is directly applied to the material to be dyed. This method is also known as
substantive dyeing. Disperse dyeing is preferred for less polar and moderately
polar fibers. In ingrain dyeing method, dye is formed on the fabric by chemical
reaction between the reactants. If the fabric is soaked in the diazonium salt
solution and later in an alkaline solution of phenol or amine, it will result
in azo dye. Some other important dyes are anthraquinoid dye, phthalein dye,
triphenylmethane dye and heterocyclic dye. </div>
</div>RAMACHANDRA KAMATHhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17621852569091514783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2898959223340901794.post-47285094279767865292011-05-11T06:47:00.001-07:002011-05-11T06:47:54.207-07:00Fullerene<div align="justify"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Carbon molecule having spherical, ellipsoidal or tubular form is known as fullerene. Spherical fullerenes are called buckyballs and cylindrical fullerenes are called buckytubes. In buckyball clusters, 20 to 60 carbon atoms are accommodated. Nanotubes with small dimensions and megatubes with larger dimensions are extensively used in electronics industry. Spherical particles based on multiple carbon layers surrounding a buckyball core are known as nano-onions. If two bucky balls are linked by a carbon chain, it is called ‘linked ball and chain dimers’. Fullerenes are showing aliphatic behaviour and are sparingly soluble in many solvents. They are stable. If we heat fullerenes without air at very high temperature, it turns into graphite. Different species of fullerenes are fullerites, fullerides, endohedral fullerenes, exohedral fullerenes, heterofullerenes and metcars. </span></div>RAMACHANDRA KAMATHhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17621852569091514783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2898959223340901794.post-83006780006671950042010-12-04T05:37:00.000-08:002010-12-04T05:38:08.364-08:00Laser ablation method of synthesis of nanostructures<div align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;color:#333300;">This method is very much of importance for a material science researcher since it involves laser melting, vaporization, and deposition of metal vapors on the substrate. A combination of physical erosion and evaporation is employed in this method. This method is one among the best industry relying for the synthesis of single walled nanotubes and single walled nano horns. Researchers prefer Nd:YAG laser (600 Watt) for this purpose. Here the laser beam is allowed to fall on a plane mirror. Reflected beam’s intensity can be controlled by a shutter or by the usage of fine slits. Lenses are employed then to get a focused fine beam. This fine laser beam is allowed to fall on the graphite. This leads to heating, melting and vaporization. At this stage, large grains are converted into small size grains. Rapid cooling yields nanotubes. </span></div>RAMACHANDRA KAMATHhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17621852569091514783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2898959223340901794.post-31388566749493339582009-12-23T06:27:00.000-08:002009-12-23T06:28:09.762-08:00Nanomaterial X-ray diffraction<div align="justify"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">X-ray diffraction is a good method for structural characterization. For a crystalline material, peaks will be sharp in a X-ray scattering spectrum. For nanomaterials, we obtain broadened peaks. So this broadening characteristic can be used for precise evaluation of particle/grain size of the material. Rigaku and Philips X-ray diffractometrs are worth buying. Freedom to select step size and scan speed is the key thing in a diffractometer. If supporting software is there then it is a bonus. Crystal structure refinement software now available which can be employed for speed refinement. For nanomaterials in the size range of 5 nm to 50 nm, X-ray diffraction is advisable even for a little bit of surface studies. Debye-Scherrer formula can be used for particle size valuation by noting down full width at half maximum.</span><br /> </div>RAMACHANDRA KAMATHhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17621852569091514783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2898959223340901794.post-70073951087785416962009-12-18T06:27:00.001-08:002009-12-18T06:27:42.962-08:00Cadmium iron oxide as transformer core material<div align="justify"><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Researchers can try cadmium iron oxide (cadmium ferrite) as a potential core material for transformers. It is an antiferromagnetic material when synthesized in bulk form with grain size some micrometers. New tools for synthesis have now emerged and we can easily synthesize nanosized cadmium ferrite using sol gel method. Take cadmium sulphate and iron sulphate in the weight ratio 1:2. Dissolve in distilled water and heat the solution at 373 K for 7 hours. To the boiling solution add sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop till the pH of the solution becomes 11.5. Allow the solution to cool. When it attains room temperature, add ethylene glycol and keep the solution in a fume cupboard. Heat the solution for 30 minutes maintaining a temperature of 423K. Cooling the solution, ultrafine particles of cadmium iron oxide is obtained.</span></strong></div>RAMACHANDRA KAMATHhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17621852569091514783noreply@blogger.com0